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Actor Richard Dreyfuss, former U.S. Sen. Bob Graham, two retired U.S. Supreme Court justices, and several nonprofit organizations are each working on a piece of the puzzle of how to ensure that civics education gains a bigger foothold in the K-12 curriculum.
Their goal is to generate broader support for the subject in federal and state policy. Many states require students to acquire only half a credit in civics or U.S. government to earn a diploma, according to the Denver-based Education Commission of the States. And at least a dozen states do not require civics or U.S. government at all.
Retired Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O鈥機onnor has focused on expanding students鈥� understanding of the judicial system and is helping to promote online interactive games on that topic for middle schoolers. Mr. Dreyfuss is crafting a national curriculum on civics education. Mr. Graham, a former Democratic senator from Florida, has written a book, America: The Owner鈥檚 Manual, to inform youths and others on navigating the legislative system. And retired U.S. Supreme Court Justice David H. Souter is collaborating with educators in his home state of New Hampshire to improve civics education there. Mr. Souter also made the case for more civics education nationally in a speech to the American Bar Association this month.
Statistics abound about how little students know about civics. For instance, only one-third of Americans can name all three branches of the U.S. government, according to a 2007 poll by the Annenberg Public Policy Center at the University of Pennsylvania. A mere 3.5 percent of high school students in Arizona passed the U.S. citizenship test typically given to immigrants, a study conducted this year by the Phoenix-based nonprofit group the Goldwater Institute found.
From 1998 to 2006, students鈥� scores on civics on the National Assessment of Educational Progress increased for 4th graders, but not significantly for 8th or 12th graders. In 2006, only 32 percent of seniors scored at or above 鈥減roficient鈥� or 鈥渁dvanced鈥� on the NAEP in civics.
Classroom Convention
It鈥檚 a myth, however, that schools once taught civics and now they don鈥檛, said Peter Levine, the director of the , or CIRCLE, at Tufts University in Medford, Mass. 鈥淪ome people start with the story line, 鈥楤ack in the day we used to do civics and now we don鈥檛,鈥� and it鈥檚 not really true,鈥� he said. The American government or civics course has been a steady presence in the curriculum for more than 80 years, and about 80 percent of students take the class, he said.
But Mr. Levine says the school climate for effectively teaching civics depends on whether the curriculum has room for discussion of current events. Finding that space in elementary and middle schools has become more challenging since the implementation of the federal No Child Left Behind Act, which emphasizes school accountability for mathematics, reading, and science, but not for social studies, he said. The problem with civics education now, Mr. Levine contends, is that it isn鈥檛 usually taught in an interactive way. 鈥淲hat we鈥檙e interested in is kids鈥� developing reasoned opinions,鈥� he said.
One person who is backing increased interactivity for civics is Justice O鈥機onnor. Last spring, as a guest on 鈥淭he Daily Show with Jon Stewart,鈥� produced by Comedy Central, she made a pitch for about the judicial system produced by . She also expressed disappointment that more states don鈥檛 require civics education.
Justice O鈥機onnor on 鈥淭he Daily Show鈥�
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In an interview with 澳门跑狗论坛 this month, Justice O鈥機onnor said she became interested in civics education while on the Supreme Court. 鈥淎s a member of the U.S. Supreme Court, I was very much aware of criticisms of judges by some members of Congress and state legislators鈥攅xpression by some people that judges were just secular, activist humanists who were trying to impose their will on the people,鈥� she said.
Justice O鈥機onnor said she felt those comments showed a lack of understanding of the role of an independent judiciary. After she left the court, she got involved in helping identify ways to improve civics education. She said she believes it鈥檚 appropriate to focus on middle schoolers because students at that age have an eagerness to learn and are 鈥渘ot yet bored teenagers.鈥�
鈥淭hey are soon going to be the adults running the nation, and we want our nation to function,鈥� Justice O鈥機onnor added. 鈥淚f people don鈥檛 know the system of government we have, about the three branches of government and what citizens are expected to do, we won鈥檛 succeed.鈥�
Some civics advocates believe the subject is getting short shrift because social studies is getting compressed in the curriculum. They contend that school districts have narrowed their curricula to focus on the subjects that must be tested under the NCLB law.
Susan Griffin, the executive director of the , in Silver Spring, Md., says her organization views all the subjects that make up social studies, such as history and geography, as preparation for effective citizenship. 鈥淲hen that instruction time gets reduced鈥攊t might be a civics class鈥攂ut overall, they aren鈥檛 learning basic U.S. history, which informs civics, or they may not have a good picture of how our government compares with another.鈥�
Ms. Griffin cites a 2007 survey by the Center on Education Policy, a Washington-based research and advocacy group, showing 44 percent of the nation鈥檚 school districts reported that they had cut back on the teaching of other subjects to focus on reading and math.
鈥淯ntil the message gets to policymakers that they will have to make space for [civics] in the curriculum, and we should be offering all students a rich curriculum to prepare them for college, careers, and citizenship, it doesn鈥檛 matter how many big names there are [engaged in promoting civics education],鈥� Ms. Griffin said.
Advocates point to social studies at the elementary level as being most affected by the NCLB law because of its testing requirements: annual testing in grades 3 to 8 and once in high school.
A study this year by CIRCLE, however, says the trend in elementary schools toward spending more time on reading and math and less on science, the arts, and social studies started in the 1990s, before passage of the law.
Federal Funding
While some supporters of civics education say the No Child Left Behind Act has compressed the amount of time for social studies, and thus civics, the law authorizes funding specifically for the subject. In fiscal 2009, Congress appropriated $33.4 million for programs under the Education for Democracy Act, which is part of the NCLB law. Of that amount, $17 million went to We the People: The Citizen and the Constitution, a program that distributes free textbooks and offers free teacher professional development about the Constitution to both primary and secondary schools.
Mark J. Molli, the associate director of the in Calabasas, Calif., which administers , says U.S. presidents have not always included the Education for Democracy Act programs in their proposed budgets. President Barack Obama slashed money for those programs in his proposed fiscal 2010 budget. But Mr. Molli says that even when the last two administrations didn鈥檛 support funding for civics some years, Congress always restored it. An appropriations bill passed recently by the House of Representatives calls for $35 million for the civics programs. The Senate appropriations committee would provide $33.5 million.
The Center for Civic Education gives away 11,000 classroom sets of books about the Constitution each year. It also hosts a competition for students across the nation to participate in simulated congressional hearings that take place at the congressional district, state, and national levels.
Robert S. Leming, the director of We the People, said his organization has tried to work around the requirements of the No Child Left Behind Act to get elementary schools interested in teaching civics. 鈥淏ecause of NCLB, the emphasis is on reading and math, but you have to read something, so why not read about the Constitution?鈥� he says.
Equity Considerations
Meanwhile, is promoting civics by supporting classes that teach students about the nation鈥檚 laws. The Silver Spring, Md.-based nonprofit organization provides textbooks, along with law students who co-teach with classroom teachers. About 200,000 students take law electives using the textbooks each year, according to Lee Arbetman, the director of U.S. programs for Street Law.
Mr. Arbetman said the textbooks and classes focus on practical considerations about what students need to know about the law. 鈥淜ids are not asking, 鈥榃hy do I need to learn this?鈥� 鈥� he said, because they can see the relevance of learning about their legal rights.
Some educators who have been involved in civics education over the long haul are concerned that not only is the subject not reaching enough students, but it also may not be reaching privileged students and disadvantaged ones equally. A by Tufts鈥� CIRCLE last year found that a student鈥檚 race and academic track and a school鈥檚 average socioeconomic status determine opportunities for school-based learning that promotes voting and broader forms of civic engagement.
Mr. Levine says CIRCLE has been trying to make educators aware of the inequality and rectify the problem.
Proponents of civics education talk about how the subject has to be better supported in big-picture ways, by state and federal policy, rather than primarily by famous individuals and nonprofit groups.
鈥淚f you ask thoughtful people, 鈥楽houldn鈥檛 schools prepare students to be thoughtful participants in democracy?,鈥� everyone thinks so,鈥� said Street Law鈥檚 Mr. Arbetman, 鈥渂ut we haven鈥檛 connected the dots.鈥�
