With notifications distracting students during class time, fights spilling over from social media into the hallways, and students at lunch buried in their phones rather than in conversation with each other, phones have become a major concern for many educators.
The problem, say experts, is that adolescents are uniquely vulnerable to the siren song of cellphones. And while some schools have taken the drastic step of banning the devices altogether, that kind of policy can be hard to implement against resistance from both students and parents. Plus, most educators currently work in schools without cellphone bans.
This is where social-emotional learning might help: Educators can teach students the social-emotional skills they need to help break their addictive, unhealthy phone habits.
鈥淭here is an obvious set of umbrella skills, like impulse control, and basically all of the skills that we use to stop ourselves from doing something that maybe we shouldn鈥檛 do,鈥� said Sophie Barnes, a researcher for the at the Harvard Graduate School of Education. 鈥淏ut I think that there are opportunities beyond that with cellphone use. In particular, I鈥檓 thinking about relationship and communication skills.鈥�
Why cellphones are like catnip for kids鈥� brains
To leverage SEL to help students manage their cellphone use, it鈥檚 helpful to first understand how the adolescent brain works and why this technology is like catnip.
Developmentally, adolescents are in a period of rapid physical and physiological change, according to experts.
鈥淐ognitively, there鈥檚 a lot of growth and development. And in terms of identity, youth are really figuring out who they are and who they want to be,鈥� Barnes said.
During this developmental period, 鈥渁dolescents are really vulnerable to wanting to belong,鈥� she said. So, if they鈥檙e not finding belonging in school or in other real-world situations, they鈥檙e finding belonging 鈥渢hough their cellphone, through the internet, and those virtual worlds.鈥�
This need to belong is biological, said David Yeager, a professor of psychology at the University of Texas at Austin. He also points out that adolescents鈥� obsession with their social status is likely driven by evolution, not vanity. In early human history, fitting in meant survival while ostracization meant death.
Adolescents, who are at the stage where they are moving beyond the protection of their parents and are more reliant on a group of people outside their family for safety, are wired to be especially sensitive to what others think of them, he said.
鈥淪tudies typically find [that] adolescents, compared with young children and adults, shift their attention more rapidly to the social rewards in a situation,鈥� said Yeager. 鈥淭he phone doesn鈥檛 have magic powers of status and respect, but because of the applications, the object represents the doorway to the single biggest driver of motivation for this developmental stage.鈥�
Adolescence is also a time when students are both wanting more independence from adults and when adults start to give them more freedom, said Barnes, such as how they spend their time, and with whom they spend it.
Instead of banning phones, adults鈥攚hether in school or in other settings鈥攕hould give adolescents 鈥渢he skills to have a better relationship with it鈥� and use it effectively, Barnes said.
There are several social-emotional skills that educators can teach that will help students better manage their cellphone use. Those skills include self-regulation, impulse control, self-awareness, reflection, and relationship and communication skills, according to Barnes.
The skills adolescents need to regulate their cellphone use
Self-regulation includes developing better impulse control, said Barnes. And with better self-awareness skills, adolescents can think about and reflect on the role that cellphones play in their lives, and how use of the devices makes them feel, she said.
Strengthening young people鈥檚 communication and relationship skills will help them 鈥渄evelop the ability to connect in person鈥� that could hopefully 鈥渄ecrease some of the dependence on the virtual world,鈥� Barnes said.
In the classroom, teaching these skills could come in different forms. For instance, to help build on students鈥� communication and relationship skills, educators could design a classroom activity in which students have opportunities to talk to people they don鈥檛 normally interact with, Barnes said.
With guidance from the teacher, students in a classroom could also work together to create rules around cellphone use, Barnes said. That kind of collaboration could prompt conversations around the pros and cons of cellphones, how youth feel about their cellphone use, what their goals are for curbing use of the devices, and what they can do as a class to help each other reach those goals.
Another important skill for students to develop related to their cellphone use is the ability to reframe or relabel what they might at first see as a negative situation or interaction on social media into a more positive one. But to do that, it鈥檚 important to understand how people react to various social stressors, said Yeager.
People respond differently to something they see as a challenge versus a threat. Challenge stress is motivating and can be positive, he said. Threat stress in a social situation, on the other hand, stirs up a host of unpleasant physiological responses, such as increases in heartrate and cortisol levels. That can make it very difficult to concentrate on learning.
鈥淲hen you are under that threat, it dominates your [thinking], it鈥檚 hard to come back to homeostasis,鈥� said Yeager. For example, if a student sees something on social media they perceive as a threat to their social standing right before starting math class, they鈥檙e going to spend at least the first 10 minutes of class battling those physiological responses and focusing on their phone, not on learning math, said Yeager.
鈥淏ut if you give students the skill of reappraising difficulties as a challenge instead of a threat, recovery time is a lot faster,鈥� he said. 鈥淪o, one idea is having this skill of thinking about a social difficulty as an opportunity for growth or a challenge that you鈥檙e going to overcome.鈥�
Educators鈥� own social-emotional skills related to cellphone use are also a part of the equation.
Teachers should acknowledge it鈥檚 also hard for them to limit their cellphone use sometimes, too. Barnes said they should ask themselves: What鈥檚 difficult for us about cellphone use, and what do we do to curb addictive, unhealthy behaviors? They should share those reflections with their students.
More empathy from educators can go a long way, said Yeager. It鈥檚 not helpful for educators to see teens鈥� constant cellphone use simply as a sign of defiance or a lack of impulse control.
鈥淭he power struggle between adults and teenagers in the hallways over phones could be making the problem worse,鈥� he said. 鈥淚 think that if adults learn to see teenagers鈥� phone use in a more compassionate way, that our entire economy has squeezed this huge source of information about their social well-being into this tiny device, it鈥檚 totally reasonable for them to pay attention to that device.鈥�
It鈥檚 about a lot more than self-control
But social-emotional learning alone is probably not enough to curb unhealthy cellphone use, said Yeager. It was adults, after all, who created cellphones and social media, he pointed out.
Students鈥� social-emotional skills need an assist from adults and an approach to SEL that鈥檚 more expansive than teaching explicit skills.
People who have good self-control don鈥檛 simply have limitless willpower, said Yeager. What they are good at is modifying their environments, such as leaving their cellphone in their locker instead of their desk, so they don鈥檛 have to rely on willpower.
Policies that require students to put their phones in a pouch at the beginning of classes or require students to keep them in their lockers are examples of policies created by adults that can help students, Yeager said. Those types of policies could be a step in the right direction, especially if schools work to get students鈥� buy-in ahead of time. Some students have said they are less stressed and learn better when they are not constantly checking their phones.
Instead of telling adolescents that they need more self-control, Yeager suggested a better strategy might be for adults to facilitate activities that create alternative routes for kids to build that all-important social status鈥攐r said another way: things kids can be good at.
Schools can provide some of these opportunities through clubs, sports, and leadership programs, said Yeager. And he thinks it鈥檚 an approach that will be more universally beneficial for students.
鈥淭he most self-disciplined kids, they are already getting straight A鈥檚,鈥� said Yeager. 鈥淭hey鈥檙e not who I鈥檓 worried about. I鈥檓 worried about the kid who is getting C鈥檚 and D鈥檚. They need status and respect more than anybody and they鈥檙e going to go to their phones even more because they need an alternative way to feel good about themselves.鈥�
